Sanskrit

Sanskrit Stories You Should Know

- August 7, 2020


Sanskrit is one of the oldest Indian languages, equivalent to what Latin is to Europe. The earliest writings in Sanskrit were the Vedas. Composed between 2000 BCE and 500 BCE, they form the basis of Hindu philosophy. Both the great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana were written in Sanskrit between 1200 BCE and 200 BCE. These epics have inspired innumerable literary works through the centuries and up to present times.  Here are some classic Sanskrit literary works that everyone should know.

Swapnavasavadattam
Swapnavasavadattam
Illustration: Sundara Moorthy

The text for this classic work of the enigmatic writer, Bhasa, was long considered lost, until it was discovered in Kerala in 1912.

Udayana, the king of Vatsa, falls deeply in love with Vasavadatta, the princess of Avanti, eloping together, and returning to his capital, Kaushambi. Post the wedding, Udayana becomes so besotted with his new wife that he starts neglecting his royal duties, causing the kingdom to suffer. In addition, a hostile enemy seems poised to attack Kaushambi.

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Udayana’s loyal minister, Yaugandharayana, decides that Udayana needs to form an alliance with a strong neighbour, but for that, he would have to marry the princess of that kingdom. Knowing how much Udayana loves his queen, and desperate for a solution, Yaugandharayana takes Vasavadatta into his confidence and comes up with a plan. But for the plan to work, Vasavadatta needs to die!

The real Udayana was a historical king of Vatsa, near today’s Allahabad, and a contemporary of Buddha. His capital was, like the story suggests, at Kaushambi. His character appears in a lot of the literature of the time, as does that of his wife, Vasavadatta. There is a huge collection of stories called the Kathasaritsagara, which contains accounts of Udayana’s military exploits.

Ratnavali
Ratnavali
Illustration: Sundara Moorthy

The plays Ratnavali and Nagananda were written by Emperor Harsha, who ruled a vast kingdom in 7th century CE, spanning most of present-day North, West and Eastern India He was not only a great warrior but also a gifted poet and playwright.

In Ratnavali, Harsha takes a stab at retelling Bhasa’s tale. Ratnavali is the story of the romance between King Udayana of Kaushambi and the eponymous princess. Udayana is married to Queen Vasavadatta, and the play contains an elaborate plot to convince her to agree to his marriage to her cousin, Ratnavali. Udayana is the protagonist in another of Harsha’s plays called, Priyadarshika. This time, the subject is the marriage of Udayana to a princess named Priyadarshika.

Harsha’s Nagananda tells the story of Prince Jimutavahana, a Bodhisattva, or a previous incarnation of Buddha. The story is taken from the Jataka tales but features Hindu gods like Gowri, Shiva’s consort, and Garuda, Vishnu’s mount. The play combines not just the mythologies of Buddhism and Hinduism but also the philosophies, as is evident in events such as when the newly-married prince, Jimutavahana, decides to give up his own life to save that of a Naga, thinking it is the right thing to do.

Vasantasena
Vasantasena
Illustration: Sundara Moorthy

Vasantasena is a retelling of the play Mrichhakatika, meaning ‘The Little Clay Cart’ by Shudraka. Little is known about Shudraka, except that he is thought to have been a king.

The Vasantasena in this story is not the same as Udayana’s queen from the earlier entries in this list. Here, Vasantasena is a dancer in the court of King Palaka of Ujjaini, who falls in love with the poor but noble Charudatta. Unfortunately, for her, Samasthana, the king’s powerful and evil brother-in-law., also has an eye on her, and isn’t too happy about her affair with Charudatta. Eventually, there is an attempt on Vasantasena’s life, with the blame being thrown on the innocent Charudatta, who is declared guilty and set to be executed. Thankfully for him, at the very last minute, Vasantasena re-emerges, saving his life, and exposing Samasthana’s wickedness to the world at large.

Read more stories from ancient Indian literature in Amar Chitra Katha’s ‘Great Indian Classics‘ now available on the ACK Comics app, as well as Amazon, Flipkart, and other major e-tailers. 

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Comic of The Month

The Sons of Rama

The story of Rama and Sita was first set down by the sage Valmiki in his epic poem 'Ramayana.' Rama was the eldest son of Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya, who had three wives - Kaushalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra. Rama was the son of Kaushalya, Bharata of Kaikeyi and Laxmana and Shatrughna of Sumitra. The four princes grew up to be brave and valiant. Rama won the hand of Sita, the daughter of King Janaka. Dasharatha wanted to crown Rama as the king but Kaikeyi objected. Using boons granted to her by Dasharatha earlier, she had Rama banished to the forest. Sita and Laxmana decided to follow Rama. While in the forest, a Rakshasi, Shoorpanakha, accosted Laxmana but had her nose cut off by him. In revenge, her brother Ravana, king of Lanka, carried Sita away. Rama and Laxmana set out to look for her and with the help of an army of monkeys, defeated Ravana. On returning Ayodhya after fourteen years of exile, Rama banished Sita because of the suspicions of his subjects. In the ashrama of sage Valmiki, she gave birth to her twin sons, Luv and Kush.

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